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Distribution
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Dispersal into Australia
Agriculture: Hibernating queens in crop supplies and machinery imported from overseas and freight on aircraft (Tennant et. al. 2011).
Aircraft: Pregnant hibernating queens in containers and packaging (Davidson, 1986)
Sea freight(container/bulk): The Queens’ hibernation behaviour has meant their survival in cargo to distant parts of the world (Davidson, 1986)
Local dispersal methods
Natural dispersal : Estimates of natural dispersal indicate that this wasp can spread no more that 1000m per year (Crosland, 1991)
Transport: Machinery and material on freight by rail and road transport (Tennant et al., 2011)